[Risk factors for COVID-19 severe complications comparing three major epidemiological waves: An approach from primary health care in Mexico]. / Factores de riesgo para complicaciones graves de COVID-19, comparando tres olas epidemiológicas. Un enfoque desde la atención primaria en México.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the association between chronic noncommunicable diseases and age with hospitalization, death and severe clinical outcomes for COVID-19 in confirmed cases within the mexican population, comparing the first three epidemiological waves of the pandemic in Mexico. DESIGN: We performed an analysis using Mexico's Government Epidemiological Surveillance System database for COVID-19. EMPLACEMENT: Mexico's Epidemiological Surveillance System for Respiratory Diseases. PARTICIPANTS: Mexican population confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 registered on Mexico's Epidemiological Surveillance System for Respiratory Diseases. PRIMARY MEASUREMENTS: The analysed severe outcomes were hospitalization, pneumonia, use of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission and death. The association (odds ratio) between the outcomes and clinical variables was evaluated, comparing the three epidemiological waves in Mexico. RESULTS: Age over 65 is associated with a higher ratio of hospitalization and pneumonia, independent of the effect of chronic comorbidities. There is an interaction between age and obesity, which is associated with hospitalization, pneumonia and highly associated with death. These findings were consistent throughout the three epidemiological waves. CONCLUSION: Obesity, COPD and diabetes in interaction with age, are associated with worse clinical outcomes and, more importantly, death in patients with COVID-19.

[What have we missed because of COVID-19? Missed diagnoses and delayed follow-ups. SESPAS Report 2022]. / ¿Qué hemos dejado de atender por la COVID-19? Diagnósticos perdidos y seguimientos demorados. Informe SESPAS 2022.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated public health emergency have affected patients and health services in non-COVID-19 pathologies. Several studies have shown its dissociation from health services, with a decrease in emergency department visits, in hospital admissions for non-COVID-19 pathologies, as well as in the reported weekly incidence of acute illnesses and new diagnoses in primary care. In parallel, the pandemic has had direct and indirect effects on people with chronic diseases; the difficulties in accessing health services, the interruption of care, the saturation of the system itself and its reorientation towards non-face-to-face formats has reduced the capacity to prevent or control chronic diseases. All this has also had an impact on the different areas of people's lives, creating new social and economic difficulties, or aggravating those that existed before the pandemic. All these circumstances have changed with each epidemic wave. We present a review of the most relevant studies that have been analyzing this problem and incorporate as a case study the results of a retrospective observational study carried out in Primary Care in the Madrid Health Service, which provides health coverage to a population of more than 6 million people, and whose objective was to analyze the loss of new diagnoses in the most prevalent pathologies such as common mental health problems, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and breast and colon tumors, in the first and second waves. Annual incidence rates with their confidence interval were calculated for each pathology and the monthly frequency of new codes recorded between 1/01/2020 and 12/31/2020 was compared with the monthly mean of observed counts for the same months between 2016 and 2019. The annual incidence rate for all processes studied decreased in 2020 except for anxiety disorders. Regarding the recovery of lost diagnoses, heart failure is the only diagnosis showing an above-average recovery after the first wave. To return to pre-pandemic levels of diagnosis and follow-up of non-COVID-19 pathology, the healthcare system must reorganize and contemplate specific actions for the groups at highest risk.

Lifestyle Habits during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Quarantine in a Colombian Population Sample / Hábitos de vida durante la cuarentena por covid-19 en una muestra de la población colombiana / Hábitos de vida duram a quarentena por covid-19 em uma amostra de indivíduos colombianos

Introducción: la cuarentena mundial decretada produjo cambios en los hábitos de la población. La investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar el efecto de la cuarentena en los hábitos de una muestra de sujetos colombianos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional en 1928 sujetos mayores de edad, a través de una encuesta de Google Forms entre las semanas 9 y 10 de con-finamiento en Colombia. Se preguntó por: ejercicio físico, estado nutricional, estrés, ansiedad, miedo, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, y hábitos de sueño. Resultados: se reunieron datos de hombres y mujeres de 128 ciudades del país y todos los estratos socioeconómicos. La mayoría de los participantes tomaba clases virtuales (53.8 %) o estaba en teletrabajo (39.7 %). El 51.6 % de los sujetos reportaron no hacer o hacer menos de 150 minutos de ejercicio semanal; el 27.0 % de las personas estaban en sobrepeso u obesidad; el 37.5 % comió más saludable; el 56.1 % usaba más redes sociales, y el 72.6 % refirieron depresión, ansiedad y estrés. El antecedente patológico familiar predominante es la hipertensión arterial (53.2 %). Conclusión: aunque muchos de los sujetos encuestados han buscado mantenerse activos físicamente a través de ejercicio en casa, es importante generar de forma continua recomendaciones para mejorar su adherencia; además, se deben realizar campañas más agresivas usando las redes sociales, para compartir información sobre alimentación, descanso y salud mental. Es importante reducir el impacto de la cuarentena en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles más adelante.

Introduction: The worldwide quarantine led to several changes in the habits of the population. This research aimed to identify the effect of quarantine on the habits of a sample Colombian population. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on 1928 participants through a Google survey form between weeks 9 and 10 of the quarantine in Colombia. Questions related to the following topics were included: physical exercise, nutritional status, stress, anxiety, fear, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and sleeping habits. Results: Data were collected from men and women from 128 Colombian cities belonging to all socio-economic strata. Most of the participants took virtual classes (53.8%) or teleworking (39.7%), 51.6% reported did not do or did <150 min of weekly activity; 27.0% were overweight or obese, 37.5% ate healthier, 56.1% used more social networks, and 72.6% reported depression, anxiety, and stress. The predominant familial pathological condition reported was arterial hypertension (53.2%). Conclusion: Although several participants sought to remain physically active through exercise at home, it is important to continuously generate recommendations to improve their adherence; further, more aggressive campaigns need to be performed using social media to share infor-mation about the importance of nutrition, rest, and mental health. It is crucial to reduce the effects of quarantine that may lead to chronic non-communicable diseases in future.

Introdução: a quarentena decretada mundialmente produziu mudanças nos hábitos da população. Esta pesquisa visa identificar o efeito da quarentena nos hábitos de uma amostra de sujeitos colombianos. Materiais e métodos: um estudo transversal e observacional foi realizado com 1928 indivíduos maiores de idade por meio de uma pesquisa usando o Google Forms entre as semanas 9-10 de confinamento na Colômbia. Foram feitas perguntas sobre: prática de exercícios físicos, estado nutricional, estresse, ansiedade, medo, consumo de tabaco e álcool e hábitos de sono. Resultados: foram coletados dados de homens e mulheres de 128 cidades do país e de todos os estratos socioeconômicos. A maioria dos parti-cipantes fez aulas virtuais (53,8%) ou teletrabalho (39,7%), 51,6% dos sujeitos relatam não fazer ou fazer menos de 150 minutos de exercício por semana, 27,0% das pessoas estão com sobrepeso ou obesidade, 37,5% se alimentam de forma mais saudável, 56,1% usam mais redes sociais e 72,6% relataram depres-são, ansiedade e estresse. O histórico patológico familiar predominante é a hipertensão arterial (53,2%). Conclusão: embora muitos dos sujeitos pesquisados tenham buscado se manter fisicamente ativos por meio da prática de exercícios em casa, é importante gerar continuamente recomendações para melhorar sua adesão, além disso, campanhas mais agressivas devem ser realizadas utilizando as redes sociais para compartilhar informações sobre alimentação, descanso e saúde mental. É importante reduzir o impacto da quarentena no desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis posteriormente